What is it?Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, poor absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to an insulin insulin, which can be relative or absolute.
What should be food?A balanced diet, including a large amount of fruits and vegetables, whole grains, low fat proteins and healthy fats, can help people with diabetes to control blood sugar.
General power rules for diabetes
Today, the incidence of diabetes is one of the most pressing problems in medicine.Statistics show that since 2013, the number of diagnosed patients has doubled.Currently, more than 425 million people suffer from it.The forecasts, alas, are sad.It is possible that after 10-12 years the number of patients worldwide will be 629 million.
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease of the endocrine group.In all patients, poor absorption of glucose occurs, which leads to an insulin insulin, which can be relative or absolute.
Consequently, patients develop hyperglycemia, which is characterized by a high persistent blood sugar.Diabetes mellitus leads to a violation of each type of metabolism, namely carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and water salt.
It should be noted what reasons for which the disease develops.When a person has destruction or pancreatic cells destroy, type 1 diabetes mellitus begins to progress.Most often, in such a situation, an absolute deficiency in insulin occurs.Genetics can also play a role here, as well as various external factors - eating habits, viral diseases, violation of hygiene principles, etc.
With diabetes of the second type, insulin resistance develops.In this type, insulin deficiency is relative.It is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia.
Whatever the type of disease, all patients have an increase in blood sugar.Cells lack carbohydrates due to their glucose resistance.In other words, glucose, instead of entering the cage, just swimming in the blood.
Each patient with diabetes must adhere to a diet prescribed by the attending physician.The patient must reduce carbohydrate load from 5 to 7%, the amount of fat used should be increased.
Not so long ago, the diabetes power supply meant a complete exclusion of simple carbohydrates.But today, the diet of patients is compiled individually, calculated by Kbzhu.Diabetics themselves, you can often hear the following sentence: "With diabetes, there are no strict prohibitions, there is only a healthy lifestyle."
The base of a diet is a glycemic index which shows the sugar suction rate.
A high glycemic index has a high content of simple carbohydrates.These include confectionery, jam, cookies, etc.That is to say, the sugar is absorbed fairly quickly.Croats, vegetables and fruits have a low index, respectively, the suction rate when using them decrease.This allows the pancreas to be easier to deal with the load.
Important:The patient's diet must include products, the glycemic index of which is less than 55 years.Their splitting occurs gradually and blood sugar levels hardly increase.
Each product has its own insulin index.This indicator shows the amount of insulin will increase after its diet.The value must be taken into account by each diabetes patient in order to predict what the body reaction will be to the use of a particular food, as well as to correctly calculate the dosage of insulin as a short and prolonged medication.The injections of the medication are prescribed by a doctor after eating.
In fact, the patient is consumed, the meal in any case will arrive at the release of insulin.The development of insulin resistance is often determined by the number of "insulin swings" thus called.The more the probability of resistance is high.The latter, in turn, leads to the development of type 2. diabetes. Give us an example.
Many of us are inclined to believe that dairy products and fermented dairy products, such as cottage cheese, kefir, yogurt, are the perfect snack.In fact, all of these products have a very high insulin index.Thus, the use of them forces the swing of the even swing which leads to a change in the emotional background of the patient, a bad mood and irritability.
Below, we will analyze the base of diabetes nutrition.
Type 1 diabetes diet
An appropriate balanced diet in type 1 diabetes opens the following possibilities: to reduce the risks of cerebral vascular accidents, heart attacks and complications, maintain the normal level of blood sugar, increase the protective mechanisms of the immune system and get rid of excess weight.Subject to the regime recommended by the attending physician, the patient will feel good.
The main rule is to control the level of glucose in the blood, it should vary in the range of 3.5-5.5 mmol / L. The basic principles of nutrition are:
- Over 2,000 kilocalories should not be consumed daily.
- Fractional power, in small portions.At least 5 meals a day.
- There should not be pure sucrose in the diet, this will maintain a normal level of glucose.
- Most carbohydrates should be in the first half of the day.
- Abstinence of late meals.
- The maximum exclusion of simple carbohydrates contained in cooking, jams, confectionery and honey.
- Use of a sucrine.Stevia is perfect here.It is important to give preference to products with a natural composition.
- Build an insulin graph at the time of food.The prolonged medication is administered before meals, a short -acting medication - afterwards.
- Keep the accounting of bread units.The value of each reception should not be more than 8 units of bread.
If the patient has history of gastrointestinal tract diseases, he must be excluded from his salty, smoked, fatty diet (including Vrun), coffee, soda, alcohol, mushrooms, canned products.In other words, it should not be used what contributes to an excessive secretion of enzymes because they affect the speed of absorption of carbohydrates.
For diabetics, the products are divided into authorized and prohibited.The classification below must be taken into account when compilation of a weekly menu.A competent approach will normalize the level of glucose in the blood.Ignoring the recommendations of nutritionists can have sad consequences.
Products for type 1 diabetes:
- Cooking prepared without yeast.For example, Lavash.
- Bays and fruits.For example, plum, cherry, citrus, apples, pears.
- Soy products (tofu, milk).
- Cereals and cereals (barley, grease, buckwheat).
- Vegetarian soups, including pure soups.
- Drinks, including poorly carboned mineral water, bay foams, unwells.
- Vegetables.For example, onions, zucchini, pepper, beets, carrots.
- Nut.
- Coffee n on, sugar -free tea.
Prohibited products for type 1 diabetes:
- Soups and oily broths.
- Pasta.
- Bakery.
- Confectionery.
- Candy and chocolate.
- Fast food dishes, semi-finished products.
- Alcohol.A special ban is red dessert wine.
- Smoked, pointed, strongly salty.
- Grasse meat, especially pork, lamb, duck.
- Big fish.For example, mackerel.
It is important that food products have a minimum degree of transformation during their preparation.
It is advisable to eat vegetables and raw fruits, but stewed, boiled or cooked - it is also allowed.Fried foods are not recommended by doctors.
If the patient practiced sports, then during the intense load period, food can be adjusted, as training leads to greater consumption of carbohydrates.
In order to avoid a hyperglycemic coma, the patient of his diet is recommended to include plant products, which reduces blood sugar.It can, for example, be a decare of blueberry or a roship tea.
Important:In the presence of a disease, the patient must adhere to an individual diet prescribed by the attending physician-endocrinologist, and not general recommendations.If in a patient who takes insulin, the body mass index indicates obesity, his daily calorie should be 1200-1400 kcal.If there is no need for weight correction, the daily calorie rate increases.
Food for type 2 diabetes
Nutrition for type 2 diabetes is based on the following principles:
- Sweeteners are an alternative to refined carbohydrates.
- Proteins should represent 20 %of the diet, fat - 30 %, carbohydrates - 50 %.
- The consumption of animal fats should be reduced to 50 %.
The daily calorie intake depends on the amount of energy spent by the patient during the day, as well as his weight.There must be 5 meals during the day, whose dishes are either steamed, or served boiled.
Since diabetics have increased renal sensitivity, you should not abuse it with protein foods.The diet should include foods that help improve fat metabolism.These include sound, gusty flowers, vegetable oils, cereals and fermented dairy products.
To understand the effectiveness of the diet, blood sugar tests are prescribed to the patient at certain intervals.The first blood test was on an empty stomach, the next two hours later.If the results differ from normal values, the doctor adjusts the patient's diet and also modifies the dosage of drugs.
The diet of type 2 diabetes does not differ much from the eating habits of people who adhere to a healthy lifestyle.Both those and others feed in small portions, but often.The recommended number of meals per day is 5, they include 3 main meals, each of which is equal to 5-8 units of bread and 2 snacks equal to 1-2 units of bread.
You cannot ignore breakfast, it is very important for rational meals.It is necessary to eat at least every 4 hours, the last meal is later an hour and a half before bedtime.Following the above recommendations is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system, eye lesions (retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy), as well as the nervous system (neuropathy).
Useful products for diabetes mellitus
Ginger
Ginger has a positive effect on metabolism, it normalizes the indicators of the patient's blood sugar and improves blood coagulation.It is advisable to use it daily.
Whole grains
Products such as whole grain bread, cinema seeds and brown rice prevent the development of diabetes.The standardization of the level of glucose in the blood due to their use can be explained by a sufficient quantity in their composition of fibers.Since the whole grains create a barrier for sugar jumps, with a special desire to eat something with a high glycemic index, you must certainly add complex flat carbohydrates.
Cinnamon
Cinnamon helps improve the sensitivity of insulin cells.This spice contributes to the regulation of the insulin level.In addition, it normalizes blood pressure, it is therefore recommended to use it not only to diabetics, but also to hypertension.
Citrus
All citrus fruits have antioxidants.They also normalize the level of insulin.
Nut
The nuts contain a large amount of mono-saturated fat and magnesium.Statistics show that patients with diabetes who regularly eat nuts suffer less than other glucose jumps.
Olive oil
The use of olive oil is an excellent prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system.In addition, the product regulates the level of glucose in the blood.
Fish
Fish is the source of omega-3.These fatty acids should be a compulsory nutrition component in diabetes.They synthesize red blood cells, as well as cell membranes, positively affect the absorption of vitamins and minerals with the body, reduce inflammation and prevent the development of insulin resistance.
Legumes
Standing legumes are another glucose level stabilizer in the patient's blood.They have practically no saturated fats that harm the cardiovascular system.
Green
Salad leaves, spinach, all types of cabbage are the basis of diet in diabetes.These products are low-calorie, but at the same time, they contain a sufficient amount of useful substances.The latter include vitamin C, beta-carotene and magnesium.These elements prevent the development of type 2 diabetes of 14%.Recommended dosage - 106 grams per day.
Prohibited products for diabetes mellitus
Today, doctors are of the opinion that it is not necessary to strictly limit patients with diabetes in the diet.Patients can afford to eat tasty and diversified, but there are a number of products from which it is still recommended to abstain, not only with diabetics, but also for all supporters of a healthy lifestyle.
A few fruits
Some dried fruits and fruits cause an increase in blood sugar.These include dried apricots, dates, figs, raisins, khaki, melon, grapes, bananas.
Transfinion
Transfants are rich in a fast food menu, as well as margarine, confectionery.They not only harm health, but also to a figure.
Semi-finished products
Semi-finished products are prepared using additives such as aromas, stabilizers, flavors of flavors.It is particularly not recommended to buy fish sticks, chops, meatballs, sausages, dumplings and sausages in stores.If you really want, it is better to cook them yourself.
Big foods
Gras food causes blood sugar.The power supply of diabetes should not include ducks, pork, lamb, lard, mayonnaise and fatty dairy products.
Bakery
Asso cooking should also be excluded.It includes bakery products, muffins and cookies.
Soft
It is necessary to abandon sugar in its pure form, as well as products which contain it in large quantities.Under the ban: ice cream, milk chocolate, marmalade, halva, jam, jam and other candies.
Table 9 for diabetes
In the first quarter of the 20th century, 15 diets for diabetics and patients with other diseases have been developed.Their paternity belongs to a well -known nutritionist.Despite the fact that today his system is exceeded, he has not lost his effectiveness, so today, many doctors still use it.
A place for patients with type 2 diabetes - in 9 tables.Table 9 is based on the same principles that are used today: partial or complete rejection of rapid carbohydrates, particular attention to proteins and fibers.
The diet can always be used, even if it was created over 100 years ago, but endocrinologists make their own adjustments, depending on the patient's condition.
Diet for gestational diabetes
Gestational diabetes is a consequence of a malformation of a pancreas of a pregnant woman.As a rule, this condition is easy to control.The main rule is to eat rationally.
- Do not consume sugar, cakes, cakes, sdoba, high sugar content, as well as replacement of sugar and containing products.
- BJU should have the following proportions - 30%, 20%, 50%.
- It is necessary to drink daily from 1.5 to 2 liters of drinking water.
- Include starchy products in diet, including cereals, legumes, battles, beets, radish, as well as fermented dairy products.
- Fresh fruits are perfect for a snack.
- The total number of meals is 5, 3 of which are the main snacks and 2.
- Do not ignore the use of vitamin complexes for pregnant women.
- To reduce sugar, drink plant decorations: celery, linden, lilac, blueberry leaves and beans.
- Avoid or limit caffeine in your diet.The number of portions of tea and coffee per day should not exceed 2.
Diabetes mellitus in children
The main reasons for the development of diabetes mellitus in children are a hereditary predisposition or a lack of balanced diet.In the latter case, we are talking about abuse of simple carbohydrates and sweets.In some cases, diabetes appears in a child following mental or physical trauma.The treatment is chosen individually according to the severity of the disease;The main role is played here by nutrition and insulin administration in the event of type 1 diabetes.
The food of diabetic children must include vegetables: cabbage, onions, spinach and garlic.You can eat fruit, but only those that contain a minimum quantity of sugar.Steep meats, poultry and fish are also allowed.Dairy products are possible, provided they have a low content of fat.Sweet spices are acceptable because they improve protein absorption.
Confectionery and sweet fruits are strictly prohibited.It is also recommended to exclude rice.
Treating physicians teach parents of their minor patients to calculate the number of bread units and the dose of insulin.Important: earlier the child learns to do it alone, the better.
Alcohol for diabetes
It is recommended to strictly limit alcohol consumption if you cannot completely stop drinking it.The amount of alcohol that diabetic patient can afford to drink is determined by the attending physician.
Alcohol in small quantities is acceptable, but there are a few points to keep in mind here.
The stronger the alcohol, the more calories it contains.There are 710 kilocalories per 100 grams of pure alcohol, and it is not much less than in fats.Any alcoholic drink also has an energy value and contains carbohydrates.A glass of beer is around 200 kilocalories and a glass of wine at around 100.
Why is it not recommended to drink alcohol?The fact is that this causes sugar thrusts and can lead to hypoglycemia, that is to say a sharp decrease in glucose levels.When drinking alcohol, alcohol enters the liver, the organ spends its energy to decompose alcohol molecules and forgets that it also needs to release glucose.To prevent this from happening, it is better to take alcohol during meals or immediately after meals.
By the way, some scientists believe that alcohol in reasonable quantities not only does not harm, but also has few advantages for patients with type 2 diabetes.
It is important to remember that alcohol causes an increase in the level of glucose and that its regular consumption can lead to the development of type 2 diabetes.
In addition, many drugs cannot be combined with alcohol.These include insulin and sulfonylurated.This association can cause severe hyperglycemia.
How to drink alcohol for people with diabetes?
- Count the calories contained in alcohol with your usual diet.
- Opt for low -calorie and low -calorie drinks.
- Do not drink the empty stomach.
- Have a snack with alcohol.
- Watch your blood sugar.
- In the company where you drink alcohol, notify your illness.That people are ready to provide emergency aid if necessary.
- Do not mix alcohol and drugs.